Like other Russian Emperors he is commonly known by the monarchical title Tsar (though Russia formally ended the Tsardom in 1721). His official short title was Nicholas II, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias. Nicholas II ( – 17 July 1918) was the last Emperor of Russia, Grand Duke of Finland, and titular King of Poland. Indeed, Russia is one of the most fascinating civilizations in all of human history. It has been a superpower and a nearly failed state, a monarchy, communist dictatorship and democracy - all within a span of 100 years. It has been invaded and overrun by Goths, Huns, Mongols, French and Germans, yet remained uniquely Russian.
It is rich with natural resources, yet its people have historically been grindingly poor. It is a part of Europe and a part of Asia, yet separate from both.
As Winston Churchill once said, Russia is a riddle, wrapped in a mystery, inside an enigma.
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